The chemical composition of used mineralbased crankcase oil varies widely and depends on the original crude oil, the processes used during refining, the efficiency and type of engine the oil is lubricating, the gasoline combustion products, the additives added to the fuel and to the original oil. Chemical composition crude oils and refined petroleum products consist largely of hydrocarbons, which are chemicals composed solely of hydrogen and carbon in various molecular arrangements. Pdf crudeoil hydrocarbon composition characteristics and oil. Crude oil characterization has long been an area of concern in refining. Mittal introduction petroleum is a form of bitumen composed principally of hydrocarbons and existing in the gaseous or liquid state in its natural reservoir. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes fkit.
Introduction composition and classification of crude oils. Multicomponent composition and corresponding physical properties data of crude oils and petroleum products are needed as input to environmental fate simulations. Relationship between crude oil composition and physical. The shorter the paraffins are, the lighter the crude is. Maltenes and asphaltenes of petroleum vacuum residues. For full treatment, see petroleum, petroleum production, and petroleum refining. Quality and chemistry of crude oils academic journals. In fact, its chemical and physical fractional composition can vary not only with the location and age of the oil field but also with the depth of the individual well. Chemical parameters using saturate hydrocarbons and aromatics are usually not suitable for determining organic type and thermal maturity of. These cultivars, low in erucic acid and glucosinolates, are very different from high erucic acid rapeseed oil in chemical, physical and nutritional properties. Pdf chemical composition of macondo and other crude oils. The exact chemical composition and structure of crude oil depends on which critters originally went into it, how long it baked underground, and at what temperature.
Dec 26, 2019 crude palm oil contains polar lipids such as phospholipids and glycolipids with the former receiving considerable attention because of the suspected deleterious effect of phosphorus on oil quality. The relative percentage of each varies from oil to oil, determining the properties of each oil. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products. Types of petroleum oils us environmental protection agency. The behavior of a crude oil or diluted bitumen released into the environment is shaped not only by its chemical composition but also by its physical properties. For full treatment, see petroleum, petroleum production, and petroleum. Oxygen occurs in different forms in oxygenbearing resinous substances. Crude oil predominantly consists of hydrocarbons in various molecular structures, and may include heteroatoms commonly known as nsos nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, and small amounts of metals and ions.
Crude oil characteristics research sampling, analysis and experiment sae plan the u. These are concentrated in heavy fractions such as gas oil, lubricating oils and the. The composition varies widely depending on where and how the petroleum was formed. As a result, although many believe cannabis oil may cure cancer, no one seems to know what is actually in it. Crude oil is a complex mixture containing a large number of closely related compounds. Most important among the nonhydrocarbon components are resins and asphaltenes. Most of the compounds in petroleum contain from five to about twenty carbon atoms. Complete sets of such data, however, are not available in the literature due to the complexity and expense of making the measurements. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. The crude fat content of commercial stabilized rice bran is 18% to 22%.
Chemical composition and antifungal properties of the essential oil and crude extracts of metasequoia glyptostroboides miki ex hu. Because evaporative loss results in significant changes in the physical properties and chemical composition of spilled oils, esd measures most properties not only. As a result, although many believe cannabis oil may cure cancer, no one seems to know what is. The fatty acid composition of rice bran oil consists of 41% monounsaturates, 36% polyunsatu rates, and 19% saturates table 14.
Crude oil is a complex and naturally occurring material, consisting of thousands of individual compounds. Chemicals used in crude oil production and impact for. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes paraffins, cycloalkanes naphthenes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. Crude oil is classified into five categories based on the measured density api gravity. This is truly pioneering research where we are taking crude oil and looking at the shortest and most optimal pathways to derive chemicals directly through breakthroughs in catalyst and separation devices, says ammar a. Precise concentrations of these chemicals in crude oil arriving at refineries is not known. These cultivars, low in erucic acid and glucosinolates, are very different from high erucic acid rapeseed oil. The main components of edible fats and oils are triglycerides. Petroleum or crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. It is found in large quantities below the surface of the earth and is used as a. Chemical identity information regarding the chemical identity of fuel oils is located in table 3l. Paraffins are the desired content in crude and what are used to make fuels. The petroleum industry often names crude based on the oils geographical source, for example, west texas intermediate.
The factor has also been related to many other physico chemical properties. Proximate composition and mineral concentration of cashew nut anarcadium occidentale were investigated using standard analytical methods. Aromatic compounds rarely amount to more than 15% of the crude oils. Distribution, geologic framework, and geochemical character edited by leslie f. In fact, chemical analysis can be used to fingerprint the source of petroleum. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure. Oil seeps and ancient sediments the composition of seep oil is similar in many respects to crude oil pumped from wells, but can be influenced by a variety of physical, chemical, and biological processes to be discussed in a later section. Crude oils contain hundreds of different hydrocarbons and other organic and inorganic substances including atoms of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen, as well as. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products 1 density, specific gravity, and api gravity density is defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid.
All of the fuel oil classes discussed in this profile are refined from crude petroleum and may be. Introduction properties of crude oils and oil products oilproduction. The composition of unsaponifiable matter um in rice bran oil is. Composition of crude oil and natural gas produced from 14 wells in the lower silurian clinton sandstone and medina group, northeastern ohio and northwestern pennsylvania r. Petroleum crude oil composition by weight element percent range carbon 83 to 87% hydrogen 10 to 14% nitrogen 0. Composition and classification of crude oils crude oil is a complex liquid mixture made up of a vast number of hydrocarbon compounds that consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen in differing proportions. Characteristics of crude oil the hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories. Both the physical nature and chemical composition of petroleum are determined initially by the type of organic matter in the source rock where the petroleum is. Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring oily, bituminous liquid composed of various organic chemicals. Traditionally, this has been done by simply stating the crude oil gravity, but more information is required to understand the oil well enough to estimate the volume in. The energy information administration projects that u.
Pdf physical properties and gross composition of crude oils of. The composition remains basically the same c, h, and o, with small amounts of s and n, but the heat allows more and more chemical bonds to form between the atoms. This comprehensive volume follows up and expands on an earlier. The chemical composition of fuel oils varies greatly. Crude oil, liquid petroleum that is found accumulated in various porous rock formations in earths crust and is extracted for burning as fuel or for processing into chemical products. We are breaking new ground by unraveling the chemistry behind crude oil composition and conversion into chemicals. Remember that api is inversely related to density, so the greater the api, the lighter the oil. Unfortunately, the properties routinely measured by oil producers and refiners are not the ones that onscene commanders need to know most urgently. Chemical composition of macondo and other crude oils and compositional alterations during oil spills article pdf available in oceanography washington d. Rice bran contains 22% to 30% crude fat including 1. The crude oils selected for the present study are jodhpur. The minor components include mono and diglycerides, free fatty acids, phosphatides, sterols, fatsoluble vitamins, tocopherols, pigments, waxes, and fatty alcohols. Environment canada has previously developed a database of various physical and chemical properties. Jarullah physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products.
Potential treatment strategies include nitrate or perchlorate injections into reservoirs. Introduction properties of crude oils and oil products vii during any oil spill incident, the properties of the spilled oil must be known immediately. Identification and characterization of chemical compounds. Chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of commiphora myrrha resin. However, raw petroleum or crude oil has characteristic properties and composition. The free fatty acid content of crude oil varies widely based on the source.
For example, the graphs in figure 22 show results of parallel analyses of samples of cold lake blend diluted bitumen and bakken crude oil. Crude oil characteristics research sampling, analysis and. The physicochemical characteristics of cashew nut shell liquid were also determined. Its major part is composed of hydrocarbons alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatics. Psulphur, oxygen, carbondioxide, nitrogen and trace metals. However, they would be in the ppm range as such, these ofcs form an integral part of the crude oil substance, which is exempted of registration as per annex v article 27b. Crude oils also contain a great variety of heteroatomic chemical constituents, comprising of crude oil. An overview of heavy oil properties and its recovery and transportation methods 573 brazilian journal of chemical engineering vol. The word petroleum originates from the latin petra rock and oleum oil. Most transportation vehicles are powered by refined products such as gasoline, diesel, aviation turbine kerosene atk and fuel oil. Chemical and physical properties of refined petroleum products. Composition of natural gas and crude oil produced from 10 wells in the lower silurian clinton sandstone, trumbull county, ohio by robert c. Chemical composition of macondo and other crude oils and compositional alterations during oil spills edward b.
Those elements form a large variety of complex molecular structures, some of which cannot. This is seen most dramatically in chemical analyses that reveal the distribution of individual compounds in the crude oil. Compounds that contain only elements of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons and constitute the largest group of organic compounds found in petroleum. It is wellknown that the chemical composition of crude oil differs according to the site of production, and its grade varies from waxy to asphaltenic crude. Petroleum fuels consist primarily of nparaffins, isoparaffins paraffin alkane saturated hydrocarbon chain. Biosouring in crude oil reservoirs by sulfatereducing microbial communities srcs results in hydrogen sulfide production, precipitation of metal sulfide complexes, increased industrial costs of petroleum production, and exposure issues for personnel. Crude palm oil contains polar lipids such as phospholipids and glycolipids with the former receiving considerable attention because of the suspected deleterious effect of phosphorus on oil quality. Crude oil properties are estimated from crude oil analysis and are used for exploration, development, production and sales of crude oil as follows. Information on the composition of selected fuel oils, specifically fuel oil no. Gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet ionization. Comprehensive analysis of changes in crude oil chemical. Chemical composition of petroleum petroleum oil refinery. Both of them are refined to produce different products.
Crude oils are often classified on the basis of chemical composition, according to the proportion of hydrocarbon constituents. Pdf chemical composition and physicochemical properties. Density is a state function and for a pure compound depends on both temperature and pressure and is shown by liquid. In addition, small amounts of organic compounds containing sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and metals such as. Chemical composition of macondo and other crude oils and. Nolan, in handbook of fire and explosion protection engineering principles for oil, gas, chemical, and related facilities fourth edition, 2019. Roman przybylski canola oil produced in canada is obtained from the seeds of brassica napus and brassica rapa. Apr 23, 2020 the petroleum industry often names crude based on the oils geographical source, for example, west texas intermediate. They are undesirable because burning results in soot. Chemical composition of petroleum petroleum is not a uniform material.
Pdf chemical composition and physicochemical properties of. Pdf chemical composition and antifungal properties of. The main forms of petroleum are natural gas, condensate, and crude oil, the liquid part. Pdf chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro.
Crude oil is a mixture of comparatively volatile liquid hydrocarbons compounds composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon, though it also contains some nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. Chemical composition of crude oil from the seeds of 3. Those of particular interest are density, viscosity, flash point, and adhesion. Crude oil is also classified based on physical characteristics and chemical composition, and these qualities are described with terms such as sweet, sour, light, and heavy. The stability of crude oil on aging and transportation is governed by several factors and these factors are included within this book. Crude oil to chemical routes steam cracker naphtha petrochemicals conventional process crude oil refinery exxonmobil steam cracker aramcosabic hengli zhejiang shenghong henyi light crude crude oil to px complex mixed crudes crude oil to chemicals complex light crude reference pep 29i pep 29j pep 29j pep 303 1. Inorganic phosphorus and phospholipids are two forms of phosphorus compounds in cpo, with inorganic phosphorus being the most predominant. These can constitute anywhere from 3 to 30% of crude. Physical and chemical properties of crude oils and their. It is found in large quantities below the surface of the earth and is used as a fuel and a raw material feedstock in the. Crude oil crude oil is a natural multicomponent mixture. Light crude is found throughout the world, but three benchmarks are commonly referenced and tend to set the standard in terms of price.
777 1201 770 1446 1416 1221 144 1004 1518 442 895 1594 96 143 274 1507 1234 1519 1448 108 101 238 27 759 1126 1033 1050 266 662 393 850 1422 339 1279